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Friday, March 29, 2019

German 9-cm-Flak 'System Schaafhausen' (Anti-Aircraft Gun)


9-cm-Flak 'System Schaafhausen'
(German Anti-Aircraft Gun System, WWI)


THE GERMAN OBSOLETE FIELD ARTILLERY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, MASSIVELY CONVERTED IN ANTI-AIRCRAFT ARTILLERY (BAK / FLAK) DURING THE GREAT WAR

The nineteenth-century German field artillery, based on 9-cm caliber cannons, was left at the beginning of the war for artillery units in the reserve. The failed German victory, based on the bold and powerful offensive of August 1914, occurred on both sides, a considerable decline of modern artillery pieces. Thousands of artillery pieces were destroyed or fell into enemy hands. Hundreds of thousands of projectiles were also lost, both because of their use and because they were destroyed or captured.

Failed the forecast contemplated by both sides, an offensive war of movement, of short duration, there was the precarious stabilization of the front, which to fix and defend it forced, to both contenders, to resort to available reserves.

Both Frenchs and Germans had to resort, both for the reason stated above and for others (in the case of the French, practically lacking  of heavy artillery), to the reserves. As was the case with the Germans. And in the case of the French, resort to the artillery pieces located in fortifications, bastions and even resorted to the support of the excellent artillery of the navy.

These artillery reserves, which at first none of the contenders intended to use, had in common, in both armies, on the one hand their obsolescence and on the other the provision of a large stock of ammunition that did not have the pieces on the front.

Positioned behind the front lines and in some cases on the front line, this artillery was a relief on both sides. Both to help maintain the stability of the immense static western front, and to raise the morale of the infantry stationed there. Also, on the German side, some of these obsolete pieces were adapted to the next antiaircraft defense, of the first lines and the reserves close to them.

Later, in 1915, these obsolete pieces were gradually removed from the front line. A good part of this artillery was destined to the antiaircraft defense. So much so that the 9-cm antiaircraft artillery, in the German tables of 1918, was the one with the greatest presence at the end of the war.

First, they were used in their "standard" configuration, that is, the cannons raised by pedestals of any type, shape and material. The typical antiaircraft artillery with platforms of fortune (of greater or lesser fortune!), present on all fronts and used by all the belligerent countries.

Subsequently, applying different concepts, mechanisms and designs, at least five differentiated "Systems" were formed, the characteristics of which, as far as possible, we will describe and expose graphically in this Blog.

These "Systems" BaK (and later Flak), were based on the Krupp F.K. 73 (1873), F.K. 73/88 (1873/1888), F.K. 73/91 (1873/91). Also on the Krupp F.K. 79 (1879) and possibly other models of Krupp cannons of the same caliber. Five different "Systems" were created according to the following types:

1.) Das System Plett
2.) Der Schnetzler-Sockel
3.) Das System Wohlgemuth
4.) Das System Schaafhausen,
5.) Das System Metz
and some other minor variants.


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LA OBSOLETA ARTILLERÍA DE CAMPAÑA ALEMANA DEL SIGLO XIX, CONVERTIDA MASIVAMENTE EN ARTILLERÍA ANTIAÉREA (BAK / FLAK) DURANTE LA GRAN GUERRA

La artillería de campaña alemana del siglo XIX, basada en los cañones del calibre 9-cm quedaron, al principio de la guerra, destinados a unidades artilleras de la reserva. La fracasada victoria alemana, basada en la audaz y potente ofensiva de agosto de 1914 produjo, en ambos bando, una mengua considerable de piezas de artillería modernas. Miles de piezas de artillería resultaron destruidas o cayeron en manos de los enemigos. También se perdieron centenares de miles de proyectiles, tanto por su utilización, como por haber sido destruidos o capturados. 

Fracasada la previsión contemplada por ambos bandos de una guerra ofensiva de movimiento, y de breve duración, se produjo la precaria estabilización del frente,  que para fijarlo y defenderlo obligó, a ambos contendientes, a recurrir a las reservas disponibles. 

Tanto franceses como alemanes tuvieron que recurrir, tanto por el motivo anteriormente expuesto como por otros (en el caso de los franceses, práticamente carecían de artillería pesada), a las reservas. Como fue el caso de los alemanes. Y en el caso de los franceses, recurrir a las piezas artilleras sitas en fortificaciones, bastiones e incluso se recurrió al apoyo de la excelente artillería de la marina.

Estas reservas artilleras, que en un principio ninguno de los contendientes pensaron utilizar, tenían en común, en ambos ejércitos, de un lado su obsolescencia y del otro la disposición de una gran reserva de municiones que no disponían las piezas del frente.

Posicionadas tras las líneas del frente y en algunos casos en primera línea, esta artillería supuso un alivio en ambos bandos. Tanto para ayudar a mantener la estabilidad del inmenso estático frente occidental, como para elevar la moral de la infantería allí destinada. También, por parte alemana, algunas de estas piezas obsoletas, se adaptaron a la defensa antiaérea próxima, de las primeras líneas y las reservas próximas a ellas.

Posteriormente, en 1915, estas piezas obsoletas fueron paulatinamente retiradas de primera línea. Una buena parte de esta artillería fue destinada a la defensa antiaérea. Hasta tal punto que la artillería antiaérea de 9-cm, en las tablas alemanas de 1918, era la de mayor presencia al final de la guerra. 

Primero se utilizaron en su configuración "éstandar", es decir los cañones elevados por pedestales de cualquier tipo, forma y material. La típica artillería antiaérea con plataformas de fortuna (¡de mayor o menor fortuna!), presentes en todos los frentes y utilizada por todos los países beligerantes. 

Posteriormente, aplicando diferentes conceptos, mecanismos y diseños, se conformaron, al menos, cinco "Sistemas" diferenciados cuyas características, en la medida que sea posible iremos describiendo y exponiendo gráficamente en este Blog.

Estos "Sistemas" BaK (y posteriormente Flak), estaban basados en los cañones Krupp F.K. 73 (1873), F.K. 73/88 (1873/1888), F.K. 73/91 (1873/91). También sobre el cañón Krupp F.K. 79 (1879) y posiblemente otros modelos de cañones Krupp del mismo calibre.  Fueron creados cinco “Sistemas” diferentes conforme a los siguientes tipos:

1.) Das System Plett
2.) Der Schnetzler-Sockel
3.) Das System Wohlgemuth
4.) Das System Schaafhausen,
5.) Das System Metz
 y algunas otras variantes de menor entidad.

2 comments:

  1. Absolutely great stuff, Sr. Castillo. You are not only an historian, you're an artist as well. Thanks for all the hard work.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Mr. Jeff Adlum

    Dear Jeff, thank you very much for your stimulating comment, which encourages me to continue working.

    Cordially,

    Jose Luis

    José Luis Castillo

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    Sr. Jeff Adlum

    Apreciado Jeff, muchas gracias por tu estimulante comentario, que me anima a seguir trabajando.

    Cordialmente,

    Jose Luis

    José Luis Castillo

    ReplyDelete